Words Formations

Phonology

• Task 1

"Phonology within linguistic concerned with the sounds of language. more narrowly, phonolgy proper is concerned to the function, behaviour and organization of sounds...as opposed to phonetics more neutral study of sounds themselves as phenomena in the physical world, and the physiological, anatomical, neurological, and psychological properties of human beings that make them." 

Phonology: An Introduction to Basic Concepts By Roger Lass

"Phonetics and phonology deal with many of the things since the both have to do with speech sounds of human language...Phonetics deals with speech sounds themselves how they are made (articulatory phonetics), how they are perceived (auditory phonetics) and the physics involves (acoustics phonetics)... Phonology deals with how these speech sounds can be combined, the relations between them and how they affect each other." 

Introducing Phonetics and Phonology, Third Edition By Mike Davenport, S.J. Hannahs

  

•  Task 2

"The aim of phonology is to demonstrate the patterns of distinctive sound found in a language, and to make as general statements as possible about the nature of sounds systems in the lenguage of the world."

Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics By David Crystal

“The goal of phonology as conceived by generative theory is to describe the following phenomena: (i) the relations among similar but physically distinct sounds that are nonetheless taken to be “the same” in some sense (allophonic relations), (ii) the relations among variants of morphemes as they occur in different contexts, (iii) phonological units of various sizes – features, segments, syllables, feet, and so on, and (iv) language-specific and universal properties of these relations and units.” 

Phonology and Language Use  By Joan Bybee

•  Task 3

Phoneme:  The minimal unit in the sound System of a Language

Letter: A written symbol or character representing a speech sound and being a component of an alphabet.A written symbol or character used in the graphemic representation of a word

Digraph: A pair of letters representing a single speech sound, such as the ph in pheasant or the ea in beat. A single character consisting of two letters run together and representing a single sound

Consonant cluster: A group of two or more consonant sounds that come before (onset), after (coda), or between (medial) vowels. Also known ascluster.There are many CC onset combinations permitted in English phonotactics, as in black, bread,trick, twin, flat and throw.

Allophone: Linguistics: A predictable phonetic variant of a phoneme. For example, the aspirated t of top, the unaspirated t of stop, and the tt (pronounced as a flap) of batter are allophones of the English phoneme /t/.

http://grammar.about.com/od/c/g/Consonant-Cluster-Cc.htm

• Task 4

There are 44 phoneme in English, below there are some examples of them.

 

• Task 5

Stress: The relative force with which a sound or syllable is spoken.

   The emphasis placed on the sound or syllable spoken most forcefully in a word or phrase.

Mark the stress of the following words by underlining the syllabus. 

Table - Happy - Geographic - Revelation - Photography - Critical - Greenhouse - Understand